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Researchers at the University of Arkansas and James Madison University developed these tentative conclusions about common causes of superintendent turnover in Arizona:

_ Salary higher than nearby districts of similar size: These districts can attract ambitious superintendents who view the district as a stepping stone, and the higher salary can point to higher expectations by the school board and community.

_ Larger enrollment.

_ Substantial charter school competition: Often indicates a district isn’t meeting public’s needs and expectations and represents a loss in per-pupil state funding.

_ In adequate annual progress required by the No Child Left Behind Act.

_ Declining enrollment, often due to charter school popularity.

_ External shocks, such as the recession and associated cuts in education funding, the popularity of charter schools and government mandates such as No Child Left Behind.